Experienced / Expert level questions
Experienced / Expert level questions & answers
Ques 1. What is the SOLID principle? Explain each principle briefly.
SOLID is an acronym for five design principles: Single Responsibility, Open-Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, and Dependency Inversion.
Example:
Single Responsibility: A class should have only one reason to change. Open-Closed: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.
Ques 2. Explain the term 'database normalization.' Why is it important?
Database normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and dependency. It ensures data integrity and reduces the chances of anomalies during data manipulation.
Example:
Breaking down a large table into smaller tables and establishing relationships to eliminate redundant data in a relational database.
Ques 3. Explain the concept of virtual functions in C++. How do they contribute to polymorphism?
Virtual functions in C++ allow dynamic method binding, enabling the selection of the appropriate method at runtime based on the object's type. They contribute to polymorphism by enabling runtime method resolution.
Example:
Declaring a virtual function in a base class and providing specific implementations in derived classes.
Ques 4. Explain the concept of a deadlock in concurrent programming. How can deadlocks be prevented?
A deadlock occurs when two or more threads are blocked forever, each waiting for the other to release a resource. Deadlocks can be prevented by using techniques such as resource allocation graphs and avoiding circular wait conditions.
Example:
Illustrating a deadlock scenario with two threads competing for resources without proper synchronization.
Ques 5. What is the purpose of the 'volatile' keyword in Java? How does it differ from other synchronization mechanisms?
The 'volatile' keyword in Java is used to indicate that a variable's value may be changed by multiple threads simultaneously. It differs from other synchronization mechanisms by ensuring visibility without acquiring locks.
Example:
Declaring a variable as 'volatile' in Java to ensure proper visibility in a multithreaded environment.
Ques 6. Explain the concept of the MVC (Model-View-Controller) design pattern. How does it facilitate modular software design?
MVC separates an application into three interconnected components: Model (data and business logic), View (user interface), and Controller (handles user input and updates the model). It facilitates modular design by isolating concerns and promoting code reusability.
Example:
Implementing an MVC architecture in a web application with separate classes for the model, view, and controller.
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